How Operating Conditions Influence Glass Heater Design Choices

https://thermal-element-journal.summitquill.com/posts/wafer-heater-materials-and-construction-what-engineers-should-know

In camera windows, a glass heater must deliver heat in a controlled way. It uses a glass panel combined with a conductive heating layer or heater element. One useful trait is anti-fog capability. Still, thermal stress can change the result